![]() There are many products, such as propolis, royal jelly, beeswax and bee pollen (BP), that are harvested from honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.). ![]() The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Royal jelly is collected from individual cells of queen bees and is frequently used in alternative and traditional medicine as is described in further detail in a separate chapter ( Royal Jelly).Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Royal jelly is a milk-like secretion from the mandibular glands of worker bees that is used to feed larvae of workers and drones and, when given in larger amounts and for extended periods, for feeding and development of queen bees (fertile females). The allergic reactions are likely due to plant flavonoid aglycones. Allergic reactions including angioedema and anaphylaxis from commercial sources of propolis have been reported. Contact dermatitis from propolis is a well known complication of bee-keeping and can occur with topical and oral administration of propolis. Propolis may contain contaminants, insect parts and allergens from the environment. Propolis, like bee pollen, is highly variable with chemical compositions that differ markedly by genus of bees and geographic location (based upon local plant species). In most clinical trials, adverse event rates have not been mentioned, but propolis is reported to be well tolerated. None of these activities have been convincingly shown in humans with diabetes, obesity or cancer. Propolis is purported to have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and even antineoplastic activity based upon studies in cell culture and animal models of diseases such as diabetes, obesity and cancer. Propolis has been used by humans topically for treatment of wounds, skin ulcers and rashes and in oral forms as therapy of diabetes, obesity, cancer and other conditions. The sealant action of propolis protects the hive from microorganisms, spores and mold. Propolis is hard and breakable in cold temperatures but soft, flexible and sticky when warmed, so that it can be used to fill gaps, close holes and build the beehive. Propolis is a natural resinous product that is collected by bees from various plants and mixed with beeswax and salivary enzymes. Bee pollen has been reported to cause allergic reactions in patients with asthma, atopic dermatitis and with allergies to pollen. Bee pollen is purported to be beneficial for cancer, arthritis and to improve athletic performance, but has not been shown to have these activities. Bee pollen is sold as a dietary supplement and is claimed to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial activity. Its composition is highly variable but includes vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. ![]() The pollen is collected by placing traps in the bee hive that knocks off some of the pollen collected by the bees. Beeswax is edible, but is usually combined with other ingredients or used as a covering for products such as cheese for preservation and prevention of mold or fungal contamination.īee pollen is the mixture of plant and flower pollen with nectar and saliva that is used in honey production by bees. ![]() Beeswax has been used by humans for centuries as a lubricant, glaze or polishing solution or waterproofing gel. Beeswax consists largely of fatty acid esters of long-chain alcohols. Bees make a variety of products that they use as food, for production of honey, in construction and repair of the hive and as sealants to prevent spoilage.īeeswax (cera alba) is the natural wax produced in the abdominal segments of worker bees which is secreted and deposited in scales and then collected and used to build the honey comb for storage of honey and protection of larvae in the hive. ![]()
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